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A CRACK IN THE TEACHER BASHING MANTRA As a New Jersey pro-public school parent and blogger noted, in her blog Mother Crusader blog, cross posting "We?re the real parents, and we won?t back down!" from WHYY's News Works, MSNBC's Alex Wagner slid in a reference to a Stanford study deflating the glories of charter schools.
The WHYY/NewsWorks piece further said,
The protest did not go unnoticed. Inside the premiere NBC News President Steve Capus made note of the "noisy welcome" attendees received, and claimed that he wants the discussion. Then why was NBC's parent engagement panel bereft of actual public school parents who don't want their children's schools closed or turned into a charter?
To date the research has not shown that closing a public school and reopening it as a charter will provide parents with the change they seek. One bright spot at the panel discussion was when the moderator, MSNBC's Alex Wagner, quoted from a Stanford University study that showed that only 17 percent of charters fair better than comparable public schools, while 37 percent actually fair worse and the remaining charters have similar outcomes.
CHOOSY MEDIA GUESTS, RIGGED PANELS Education Nation was an unfortunate affair, with banning citizen journalists and with stacking of panels with pro-charter school zealots. While we're on EDUCATING MAGGIE AND MAGGIE LECTURING THE TEACHERS UNIONS
New Yorkers for Great Public Schools, a parents' group has released a great video, ?Educating Maggie.? (Video uploaded at right.) Maggie, herself, has a word or two of instruction for public teachers and their unions. She now is posturing as a self-proclaimed leftist, chiding labor unions:
In the interview, Gyllenhaal said she comes from a family of proud leftists, and that she herself is staunchly pro-union. However, she also suggested that the quickness with which critics have come out to blast ?Won?t Back Down? as a crack against the labor movement shows intolerance among the pro-union camp. ?Can we not even take a look at ways that the teachers union isn't functioning without being called anti-union?? she said. ?Gyllenhaal's line falls in line with some conservative pundits who have tried to claim to be pro-teacher and to play up imaginary divisions in unions, over divisions between teachers that favor the test and punish mantra and those questioning the shifts in educational policy.
Potential viewers might not care either way. Since the film?s opening on Friday, reviews of ?Won?t Back Down? have been mostly brutal. USA Today said it is ?repeatedly focused on a superficial depiction of the powerful teachers union,? while the Washington Post called it ?so didactic that viewers are likely to feel less uplifted than lectured.?
LESS STREET CRED THAN KLEIN, MORE LIKE BLACK
But who is Maggie Gyllenhaal to lecture teachers about conditions of public schools or the experience of learning or teaching in public schools. When we look at her biography we see that her parents are a film director and a film producer. Her father hails from Swedish nobility. Her school experience? Her secondary school years were at the Harvard-Westlake School, a prep school of the exclusive international G 20 classification of top ?independent schools? --euphemism for super-elite prep schools.
Let's go back in time to 2010, when Cathie Black, Duchess of Bridgewater, Connecticut succeeded mere citizen Joel Klein. Much was made of how she had never any prior contact with an institution of public education. Compare Gyllenhaal and Black with Joel Klein, who at least attended public schools before he entered college.
Harvard-Westlake School, 2011-2012 tuition of 30,350 ? what kind of test scores do you think Maggie's school has had? ?In 2010, 566 Harvard-Westlake students took 1,736 Advanced Placement tests in 30 different subjects, and 90% scored 3 or higher.? --Wikipedia Harvard-Westlake School, whose ?class of 2011 had 90 students out of approximately 280 receive National Merit recognition, with 28 students receiving consideration as National Merit Semifinalists.? --Wikipedia Gee, I wonder what kinds of student-teacher ratios her school had.
WON'T BACK DOWN'S FALLING STOCK
Professional critics at Rotten Tomatoes.com generally pan the film; an aggregate of 33% give positive reviews of Won't Back Down.
David Rooney at Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film is a "pedestrian and insultingly tendentious drama."
Initially, the film sufficiently pulled at the heartstrings of the audience and produced a 79% vote on the audience meter (as of Thursday), today the film has sunk to 58% on the audience.
Per Internet Movie Database, the film is sloundering with an out-right poor rating of 4.9, a rating seldom scored by the better half of top Hollywood directors and actors. At metacritic.com ?Won't Back Down? is bombing at 43 on a 100 scale, down there with ?Hotel Transylvania,? and well below ?Trouble with the Curve.? GYLLENHAAL'S UNCOMFORTABLE THANKSGIVING DINNER
The New York Observer reports that the film's stars "don't back down from the film's politics"
?You don?t want a movie to feel like it?s an issue thing. You want it to feel like a human drama. I mean Oscar Isaac?s character, his whole narrative is about someone who?s a big union believer and is struggling with that in the course of the movie.?Well, we can feel sorry for Gyllenhaal's upcoming Thanksgiving. Maggie, your film is a tool for teacher bashing, for pulling public resource from public school and for enabling the further privatization of public schools. I just feel so sorry for you. Your progressive family will wax about how great Karen Lewis has been for the nation's teachers, and you will say ...?The film?s stars, wearing grave political faces in addition to red carpet gowns, were ardent about education reform but wary of appearing anti-union. Ms. Gyllenhall said that she came from ?the most progressive left. I wouldn?t be allowed to go home for Thanksgiving if I made an anti-union movie.?
Source: http://nycityeye.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-politics-behind-nbcs-education.html
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Annie Dookhan, 34, of Franklin, Mass., stands near a court officer during her arraignment Friday, Sept. 28, 2012, in Boston Municipal Court on two counts of obstruction of justice and pretending to hold a degree for a college or university. Dookhan's alleged mishandling of drug samples prompted the shutdown of a state drug lab in Boston in August and resulted in the resignation of three officials, including the state's public health commissioner. (AP Photo/Boston Herald, Patrick Whittemore, Pool)
Annie Dookhan, 34, of Franklin, Mass., stands near a court officer during her arraignment Friday, Sept. 28, 2012, in Boston Municipal Court on two counts of obstruction of justice and pretending to hold a degree for a college or university. Dookhan's alleged mishandling of drug samples prompted the shutdown of a state drug lab in Boston in August and resulted in the resignation of three officials, including the state's public health commissioner. (AP Photo/Boston Herald, Patrick Whittemore, Pool)
Annie Dookhan, 34, of Franklin, Mass., stands during her arraignment Friday, Sept. 28, 2012, in Boston Municipal Court on two counts of obstruction of justice and pretending to hold a degree for a college or university. Dookhan's alleged mishandling of drug samples prompted the shutdown of a state drug lab in Boston in August and resulted in the resignation of three officials, including the state's public health commissioner. (AP Photo/Boston Herald, Patrick Whittemore, Pool)
Annie Dookhan, 34, of Franklin, Mass., stands near a court officer during her arraignment Friday, Sept. 28, 2012, in Boston Municipal Court on two counts of obstruction of justice and pretending to hold a degree for a college or university. Dookhan's alleged mishandling of drug samples prompted the shutdown of a state drug lab in Boston in August and resulted in the resignation of three officials, including the state's public health commissioner. (AP Photo/Boston Herald, Patrick Whittemore, Pool)
Friends and family of Annie Dookhan, of Franklin, Mass., react during her arraignment Friday, Sept. 28, 2012, in Boston Municipal Court on two counts of obstruction of justice and pretending to hold a degree for a college or university. Dookhan's alleged mishandling of drug samples prompted the shutdown of a state drug lab in Boston in August and resulted in the resignation of three officials, including the state's public health commissioner. (AP Photo/Boston Herald, Patrick Whittemore, Pool)
Annie Dookhan, center, is escorted to a cruiser outside her home in Franklin, Mass., Friday, Sept. 28, 2012. Dookhan is accused of faking drug results, forging signatures and mixing samples a state police lab. State police say Dookhan tested more than 60,000 drug samples involving 34,000 defendants during her nine years at the lab. Defense lawyers and prosecutors are scrambling to figure out how to deal with the fallout. (AP Photo/Bizuayehu Tesfaye)
BOSTON (AP) ? A Massachusetts chemist accused of faking drug test results now finds herself in the same position as the accused drug dealers she testified against: charged with a crime and facing years in prison.
Annie Dookhan, 34, of Franklin, was arrested Friday in a burgeoning investigation that has already led to the shutdown of a state drug lab, the resignation of the state's public health commissioner and the potential upending of thousands of criminal cases.
"Annie Dookhan's alleged actions corrupted the integrity of the entire criminal justice system," state Attorney General Martha Coakley said during a news conference after Dookhan's arrest. "There are many victims as a result of this."
Dookhan faces more than 20 years in prison on charges of obstruction of justice and falsely pretending to hold a degree form a college or university.
Dookhan's alleged mishandling of drug samples prompted the shutdown of the Hinton State Laboratory Institute in Boston last month.
State police say Dookhan tested more than 60,000 drug samples involving 34,000 defendants during her nine years at the lab. Defense lawyers and prosecutors are scrambling to figure out how to deal with the fallout.
Since the lab closed, more than a dozen drug defendants are back on the street while their attorneys challenge the charges based on Dookhan's misconduct.
Many more defendants are expected to be released. Authorities say more than 1,100 inmates are currently serving time in cases in which Dookhan was the primary or secondary chemist.
During Dookhan's arraignment in Boston Municipal Court, Assistant Attorney General John Verner called the charges against Dookhan "preliminary" and said a "much broader" investigation is being conducted.
Verner said state police learned of Dookhan's alleged actions in July after they interviewed a chemist at the lab who said he had observed "many irregularities" in Dookhan's work.
Verner said Dookhan later acknowledged to state police that she sometimes would take 15 to 25 samples and instead of testing them all, she would test only five of them, then list them all as positive. She said that sometimes, if a sample tested negative, she would take known cocaine from another sample and add it to the negative sample to make it test positive for cocaine, Verner said.
Dookhan was charged with two counts of obstruction of justice, a felony count that carries up to 10 years in prison, and pretending to hold a degree, a misdemeanor punishable by as much as a year in jail.
She pleaded not guilty and was later released on $10,000 bail. She was ordered to turn over her passport, submit to GPS monitoring, and not have contact with any former or current employees of the lab. Family members and Dookhan's attorney declined to comment after the brief hearing. Her next court date is Dec. 3.
The obstruction charges accuse Dookhan of lying about drug samples she analyzed at the lab in March 2011 for a Suffolk County case, and for testifying under oath in August 2010 that she had a master's degree in chemistry from the University of Massachusetts, Coakley said.
In one of the cases, Boston police had tested a substance as negative for cocaine, but when Dookhan tested it, she reported it as positive. Investigators later re-tested the sample and it came back negative, Verner said.
The only motive authorities have found so far is that Dookhan wanted to be seen as a good worker, Coakley said.
"Her actions totally turned the system on its head," Coakley said.
According to a state police report in August, Dookhan said she just wanted to get the work done and never meant to hurt anyone.
"I screwed up big-time," she is quoted as saying. "I messed up bad; it's my fault. I don't want the lab to get in trouble."
Dookhan's supervisors have faced harsh criticism for not removing her from lab duties after suspicions about her were first raised by her co-workers and for not alerting prosecutors and police. However, Coakley said there is no indication so far of criminal activity by anyone else at the lab.
Co-workers began expressing concern about Dookhan's work habits several years ago, but her supervisors allowed her to continue working. Dookhan was the most productive chemist in the lab, routinely testing more than 500 samples a month, while others tested between 50 and 150.
One co-worker told state police he never saw Dookhan in front of a microscope. A lab employee saw Dookhan weighing drug samples without doing a balance check on her scale.
In an interview with state police late last month, Dookhan allegedly admitted faking test results for two to three years. She told police she identified some drug samples as narcotics simply by looking at them instead of testing them, a process known as "dry labbing." She also said she forged the initials of colleagues and deliberately turned a negative sample into a positive for narcotics a few times.
Defense attorneys for drug suspects were not surprised by Dookhan's arrest.
"I hope the system isn't treating the evidence against her the way she treated the evidence against several thousand defendants," said attorney John T. Martin, who has a client who was allowed to withdraw his guilty plea based on concerns over Dookhan's work.
Dookhan was suspended from lab duties after getting caught forging a colleague's initials on paperwork in June 2011. She resigned in March as the Department of Public Health investigated. The lab was run by the department until July 1, when state police took over as part of a state budget directive.
___
Niedowski reported from Franklin. AP writer Bridget Murphy contributed to this report.
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After the fallout caused by a nuclear war settles, the remaining humans start to rebuild creating towns, tribes and gangs. But a force was created the 'Brotherhood Rangers' who rome the lands to help that of the people.
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BELGRADE, Serbia (AP) ? On a bright autumn day, Renato Grbic was out fishing on the Danube with his brother when he heard a big splash. At first, he thought somebody had thrown something off the bridge.
Then he saw a man flailing in the water.
"We hurried and pulled the man out," Grbic recalls. "I remember telling him: Such a glorious day and you want to kill yourself!"
It was the first time Grbic saved a life. From that day 15 years ago, his own life would never be the same. The bright-eyed, tattooed restaurant owner from a shabby industrial zone on the outskirts of Belgrade has rescued 25 people who tried to kill themselves by jumping off the tall bridge over the Danube.
Always on alert in his little wooden motor boat, the burly 51-year-old has pulled people out of the river's muddy waters without asking for anything in return.
"I couldn't turn my back on them," Grbic said. "They are desperate people."
Grbic has been dubbed the "Superman of the Danube" by his admirers and awarded a hero's plaque by Belgrade city authorities. But even "Superman" can't save everybody who jumps off the 18-meter- (60-foot-) high bridge: At least as many as he had saved have killed themselves at the spot since Grbic's first rescue.
"When I hear that someone has jumped and I wasn't there I really feel bad," he said. "My eyes are always on the bridge."
The Pancevo bridge became a favored suicide spot because it is Belgrade's only bridge over the Danube, which is bigger and colder and has stronger underwater currents than the city's other river, the Sava.
The first person Grbic pulled out of the Danube turned out to be a mental patient. Grbic took him ashore, gave him dry clothes, hot tea and cigarettes. Later, an ambulance came and took the man away.
"That was it," Grbic says. "He didn't speak, they never do."
Over the years, Grbic has rescued men and women of all ages and social backgrounds. Grbic remembers them all, but "they never return or call, they hardly ever say thank you."
Goran Penev, a researcher with Serbia's Institute of Social Sciences, said Serbia's suicide rate is at the upper side of the European average. Penev noted there was a sharp rise in the early 1990s, at the beginning of the wars in the former Yugoslavia, but the situation has been relatively stable ever since. In 2011, nearly 1,300 people in Serbia ? a country of 7 million people ? took their lives.
Grbic has found that some of the people he rescued had cancer or other terminal illnesses, while others cited poverty or unrequited love.
All, he said, felt lonely.
"It is a cry for help," he said. "They often do it in daytime so they would be seen. They want attention, love."
Only a couple of weeks ago, a 22-year-old girl threw herself off the bridge near Grbic's restaurant. He was there to pick her up and ask: "Why did you do it?"
"For my boyfriend," she replied. "Do you think he would do it for you?" he asked in return.
Grbic said the girl was conscious and clear-minded when he plucked her out of the water. In winter, however, it is a question of minutes before people will lose consciousness in the freezing Danube and drown.
On one of those days, in mid-January about seven years ago, Grbic was just preparing to turn his boat to shore and go home ? when he heard a scream.
An 18-year-old woman going through a mental crisis had burst out of her parents' car at the bridge, taken off her jacket and jumped, shouting: "Goodbye mom!"
Grbic said something had made him stick around: "It was a very windy day, a few minutes later and I would have gone."
The girl, Grbic said, is the only one who has stayed in touch.
Every January she comes to his fish restaurant to celebrate her "second birthday." She is married now and has a child. Grbic was invited to the wedding reception.
"My heart leaps every time I see her," he said.
Grbic has little or no information about what happened to the others he saved. It would be nice, he says, if they came to tell him how they were over a brandy at his restaurant.
"I gave them a second chance and it was up to them to use it well."
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/serb-hero-fishes-desperate-danube-suicide-062204938.html
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Apple may have skipped near-field communication in the iPhone 5, but that hasn?t stopped everyone else from getting on board the NFC train. The latest passenger: Moo.com, which just started experimenting with NFC business cards, with a planned rollout in 2013.
You may remember Moo as the folks who brought us Facebook business cards earlier this year. Now they?re giving the whole experience of exchanging contact information a needed upgrade with short-range NFC tech.
It works like this: You order NFC cards from Moo, specifying what you want the NFC tag to do. It could just contain contact information, but it can also include actions like presenting a video, or an app download, or your latest tweets. When you hand someone your card, and they tap it with an NFC-enabled smartphone, the preprogrammed magic happens. (Check out an explainer video below.)
The process isn?t without its limitations. First, obviously the person will need an NFC phone. While many popular Android phones have it (and so do the coming crop of Windows Phones, if anyone cares), Apple is out.
Second, the cards will likely be a lot more expensive than conventional cards. Moo hasn?t revealed pricing, but it?s telling that they?re only giving current customers who place a business card order a single NFC card (for the first 150,000 customers). Moo calls it an ?open beta test,? and the NFC chip will include an electronic version of the card?s contact info.
However, the cards come with a big bonus, too: Customers will be able to reprogram the NFC chip to customize individual cards. A global manager might want to change the material presented depending on what part of the world he?s in, or, if you have the cards for a while, you?ll probably want to switch up the projects you present to new clients. Or you could just have fun with it and show a different random YouTube video on each card.
While the cost is still a question mark ? a big one ? we like the idea of flashing custom content to people with our cards. Of course, we stopped the silly practice of writing down phone numbers and emails years ago with the dawn of apps like CardMunch. NFC is progress, as long as the price stays under control.
What do you think? Is NFC a welcome upgrade to business cards? Let us know your thoughts in the comments.
Source: http://mashable.com/2012/09/27/moo-nfc-business-cards/
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Dept of Justice
Example:
"In purchases where buyer's brokers are offered half of a 5% commission, they may compete on price by refunding a portion of their commission to the homebuyer. A 1% rebate on the median-priced home would save the homebuyer $1,843."
How do rebates work?
"Some real estate brokers offer consumers cash refunds or non-cash incentives to encourage them to use that broker's services. Rebates are typically cash payments from the real estate broker to his or her client after closing. Incentives may include gift certificates, closing-cost payments, or free ancillary services such as home inspections or moving services." LINK
If this type of info interest you please take a look at the Dept of Justice Anti-Trust Web Site
New business models are emerging that allow consumers to save thousands of dollars when they buy or sell a home
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Q: I found out the home I?m renting is in preforeclosure. I have children and gave a large deposit. If I move should I expect the deposit back so I can put it toward another place? Where do I look for help?
?Anonymous, Los Angeles, CA
A: You should seek the help of your local attorney to see what your options are but reality may be that the landlord does not have the funds to reimburse your deposit. States have different laws on deposits so check with the attorney to find out the law in CA. If they have to hold it in escrow then it may still be available to you. I would suggest that in a future rental unless it is being managed by a big firm with a great history and track record to add language that the mortgage is verified quarterly as being up to date by the tenant to avoid paying rent while a landlord lets the home be foreclosed.
Mike Grumbles is a Realtor? with Exit Realty of the South in Franklin, TN.
A: Dear LA-
Some Foreclosure processes have a procedure known as ?Cash for Keys? that help the unsuspecting Lessee recover from upfront deposits lost when a lease agreement is disrupted prematurely by foreclsoure proceedings.
I suggest you take the route of preparing to move to save yourself the hassle of short notice.
Should the knock at your door come before you are ready to move, ask the bank what they plan to do to aid you with financial recovery.
Good luck!
Larry Simons is a Realtor? with Century 21 Maselle & Associates in Flowood, MS
Are you interested in having a qualified REALTOR answer your questions? Click through to Ask a REALTOR? now.
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Source: http://www.realtor.com/blogs/2012/09/27/the-home-i-am-renting-is-in-foreclosure-what-should-i-do/
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NEW YORK (AP) ? The Big Apple is getting another "biggest": the world's tallest Ferris wheel, part of an ambitious plan to draw New Yorkers and tourists alike to the city's so-called "forgotten borough."
The 625-foot-tall, $230 million New York Wheel is to grace a spot in Staten Island overlooking the Statue of Liberty and the downtown Manhattan skyline, offering a singular view as it sweeps higher than other big wheels like the Singapore Flyer, the London Eye and a "High Roller" planned for Las Vegas.
Designed to carry 1,440 passengers at a time, it's expected to draw 4.5 million people a year to a setting that also would include a 100-shop outlet mall and a 200-room hotel.
It will be "an attraction unlike any other in New York City ? in fact, it will be, we think, unlike any other on the planet," Mayor Michael Bloomberg said as he unveiled the plans against the backdrop of New York Harbor. While the privately financed project faces various reviews, officials hope to have the wheel turning by the end of 2015.
The wheel would put Staten Island on the map of superlatives in a place where "biggest" is almost an expectation ? home to the nation's biggest city population, busiest mass-transit system, even the biggest Applebee's restaurant.
The attraction stands to change the profile of the least populous and most remote of the city's five boroughs, a sometime municipal underdog that has taken insults from New Jersey and was once known for having the world's largest ... landfill.
"It's going to be a real icon. The Ferris wheel will be Staten Island's Eiffel Tower," Sen. Charles Schumer enthused.
As a visible addition to the skyline around the harbor, the wheel "gives Staten Island an identity beyond its role as a suburban community," while letting it tap into the stream of tourist money in a city that drew 50.9 million visitors last year, said Mitchell Moss, a New York University urban policy professor.
The project is expected to bring $500 million in private investment and 1,100 permanent jobs to the borough's St. George waterfront, and the developers will pay the city $2.5 million a year in rent for the land.
Staten Island isn't entirely off the tourist map. Its free ferry is the city's third-largest tourist attraction, carrying an estimated 2 million visitors a year alongside millions of residents, officials say.
But the city has long struggled to entice tourists off the boat and into Staten Island. Much-touted Staten Island sightseeing bus tours fizzled within a year in 2009 for lack of ridership.
Australian tourists Leah Field and Adam Lica, for example, were riding the ferry Thursday for its views of the Statue of Liberty. They thought they might have lunch on the Staten Island side but weren't planning to explore further.
"We weren't sure what there is to do there," explained Lica, 32, of Melbourne. But were there a giant Ferris wheel, the couple likely would go ride it, he said.
But Henriette Repmann, a German university student, said she wouldn't bother.
"You don't have to have the biggest Ferris wheel in the world to get a good view of New York," Repmann, 20, of Leipzig, said Thursday as she visited the Empire State Building.
Largely a bedroom community for other parts of the city, Staten Island boasts about 470,000 residents and a minor league ballpark, cultural sites and quirky attractions, from locations in the video for Madonna's "Papa Don't Preach" to the Staten Island Zoo, home to New York's answer to Pennsylvania's prognosticating groundhog. The Staten Island rodent bears the dubious distinction of having once bitten Bloomberg.
But Staten Island, the only one of the city's five boroughs not accessible by subway, tends to get overshadowed by its bigger neighbors, so much so that some have at times suggested it secede from the city.
And residents often bristle at an image shaped by such television shows as "Mob Wives" and "Big Ang" ? and by a former New Jersey beach town mayor who portrayed Staten Islanders in a blog post as heavy on hairspray and light on class. (The ex-mayor, Ken Pringle of Belmar, visited Staten Island in 2008 to make amends.)
Resident Miatta Bryant thinks the wheel might bring the borough more respect.
"People always say Staten Island is so boring," the 26-year-old certified nursing assistant said.
The Ferris wheel, state Assemblyman Matthew Titone hopes, will show the world a different Staten Island than the one they see on TV.
"They will see our cultural institutions and will see that we are not idiots," he said. "Shirtless, musclebound idiots."
___
Associated Press writer Verena Dobnik and researcher Jennifer Farrar contributed to this report.
___
Follow Jennifer Peltz at http://twitter.com/jennpeltz
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/nyc-round-skyline-tallest-ferris-wheel-224157740.html
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Rebekah Brooks, the former chief of News Corp.'s British operations arrives at the Old Bailey court in London London, Wednesday, Sept. 26, 2012. Brooks is in court to face charges connected to the phone hacking scandal that rocked Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. empire. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
Rebekah Brooks, the former chief of News Corp.'s British operations arrives at the Old Bailey court in London London, Wednesday, Sept. 26, 2012. Brooks is in court to face charges connected to the phone hacking scandal that rocked Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. empire. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
LONDON (AP) ? Eight people are appearing in court to face charges connected to the phone hacking scandal that rocked Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. empire.
Rebekah Brooks, the former chief of News Corp.'s British newspapers, and Andy Coulson, the ex-communications chief for Prime Minister David Cameron, were among those appearing in court Wednesday.
The eight are accused of participating in a campaign of espionage which targeted hundreds of celebrities, sports stars, politicians and crime victims.
Among the hacking targets was Milly Dowler, a 13-year-old girl abducted and murdered in a case that drew national attention. Journalists are alleged to have eavesdropped on her mobile phone, listened to her voicemail messages, and deleted some of them in order to make room for more.
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Outdoor balloons are great for branding your business, whether a big business or whether a small business, these balloons have a tremendous impact.
Make the most of any occasion.
Whether you are having a brand launch or a special event or just about anything and you want to get the maximum notice-ability for your business, then you can make sure that you get all the attention that you want by advertising on giant balloons outdoors.
Advertising on giant balloons is extremely popular with both big as well as small advertisers for the simple fact that this is one advertising vehicle that people just cannot resist looking at.
Most advertisers are now well aware of the fact that the conventional advertising vehicles like TV, radio, billboards, magazines, newspapers, etc., just do not work anymore. People are not at all responsive to advertisements in these media. Plus, it costs a fortune to advertise in conventional media and if people are not going to watch the ads after so much money is spent, it just makes no sense at all to advertise in such media.
But with giant balloons, it is a different story, people just love looking at these balloons and will do so whether they are cooking, working at home or in the office, playing or walking in the park, driving by, etc.
Outdoor Balloons Get You Noticed!
Most people tend to associate balloons with fond childhood memories and so whenever they see a giant advertising balloon they love to look at it.
This is why these giant advertising balloons are such a great opportunity for advertisers. People look at these balloons and that means that they see the advertisement on the balloon. This is just great for advertisers as they can actually get the attention of people by using these giant balloons.
All the attention needed
A great plus with using these giant balloons for advertising is that advertisers can get all the attention that they crave for. This can be done by making the big balloon as unique as possible. The more unique the balloon, the more the attention the advertiser will get because people, just love looking at new things.
Thus, you can make a big balloon as unique as possible and be sure that you are going to get attention to your business. For example, suppose you sell bikes. You can thus get outdoor balloons made in the shape of a bike and have your brand name or shop name and telephone number on it. You can be sure that in this way you would be getting all the attention that you want for your business.
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It can be pretty difficult to wrap your head around the idea that the person who you?re in love with and may have spent a great deal of time around, doesn?t want the relationship that you want. It puts you in a quagmire ? you love them, you want to be with them, but in the process of doing so, you?re basically compromising yourself because whatever it is that they are offering (if anything), it might be leaving you dissatisfied or even ?malnourished?. What can be incredibly perplexing and even painful though, is when they stick around (and you let them) but they still won?t cough up the relationship goods, or they go but they keep boomeranging in and out of your life, raising your hopes each time.
This situation will be all too familiar to you if you?ve thought stuff like, What the hell do they want with me? Why, if they know that they can?t give me what I want, are they still hanging around like a blue arsed fly letting me think that it?s a possibility?
One of two things are going to happen: You?re going to end up managing down your expectations until one day it suddenly occurs to you that your needs, wants, and expectations aren?t being met while they?re having a grand ?ole time on their terms. Or, you end up in one of those awkward, standoff power struggles where you each keep trying to get your own way instead of just walking away.
When you find that you?re at odds with one another on the direction or even existence of the relationship this is really a code red alert that something is very wrong. It?s also a reality check ? you need to fully evaluate the situation and rein your feelings in. It doesn?t mean that they?re shady (although they might be) but it does mean that you?re incompatible on what you both want out of the relationship which likely signals a clash of values.
You?ve either got to have an honest conversation and find a healthy compromise (if possible) or for the sake of your own self-preservation, make an exit even though it?s going to hurt.
If they turn around and say that they want to keep it casual when you?re actually looking to move forward into a serious relationship, I wouldn?t go into it because I can guarantee that it will end in big dollopy tears that belong to you. If you?re saying ?Let?s move in? and they?re saying that they do want to move in (with you) but not just yet, then you can potentially find a compromise.
Unfortunately what tends to happen is you?ll either 1) dismiss the red flag, 2) blame you for the fact that they don?t want the same things and convince yourself that you?ve done something to jeopardise the relationship, or 3) take up a vocation in trying to change them. You may have a Return On Investment mentality of ?I?ve put in X months/years so I cannot exit now because it would be a waste? neglecting to realise that if you ignore what the difference is telling you, you might be like a reader I recently spoke with who clocked up 12 years with someone whose position never changed and she?d known it from a few years in.
The problem is of course that the type of person who would hang around knowing that you want something different (or at least that you profess to) or who would keep a foothold in your life and be pretty damn disruptive while still coming back with the same paltry offering that you didn?t want or even less, is actually the type of person that you need to ensure that you do right by you because? they are really only thinking about things from their perspective and what makes them comfortable without really giving a great deal of thought to your comfort levels. In fact they may have an ?I?m comfortable so they must be comfortable? attitude.
Keep in mind as well that they may outwardly claim that they?ve changed and are on board but the will passive aggressively do things that contradict this and undermine your relationship.
You may feel like you?re being ?toyed? with, especially if you?ve broken up a number of times and tried your best to move on, only for them to swoop in with big promises and short-term changes in their behaviour that soon roll back to their old ways. They can have a dog in a manger attitude ? they don?t want you but they?re hogging up the proverbial manger and blocking access to you just in case they happen to change their mind.
I also know from personal experience how easy it is to be blinded by our feelings / libido / ego, but, you are giving off mixed messages. You?re thinking ?Why the hell are they still here when they know I want ________? and they?re thinking, even if it?s on a subconscious level ?Well they can?t really want it that much if they keep being with me and they know I?m not interested in that.?
You?re thinking that you?re showing your love and commitment to them and they think you?ve signed on to their terms and conditions.
You may also be thinking that their continued presence or their inability to leave you alone is a sign of their deep feelings and them gradually coming over to your way of thinking ? unfortunately I?ve heard enough tales to know that actually, it?s not that they don?t care or love you but their commitment issues and differing values mean that they hold onto you because they?re afraid of losing you and so do their best to stall you until you run out of patience and chances.
Once someone says that they can?t give you what you want, take ?em at their word.
Some people don?t know they?re born, they don?t know what they want, and they?re greedy. They want you without the responsibilities and commitment that come with. They value you when you tell ?em to get lost and dry up the charm when you?re expecting them to deliver. Cut ?em loose!
Once you see that they?re all talk and little or no action, take the big hint and do for the both of you what they?re not able to do ? end it because you mean what you say and say what you mean and have the follow through in action to go with it.
Don?t allow someone to keep pulling the same con on you numerous times because there?s ?hopeful? and then there?s relationship crack.
It?s also important not to just focus on the fact that they keep coming back ? they keep bullshitting their way in and leaving too. Or don?t just focus on the fact that they?re ?there? ? it?s the quality of the ?there? that matters. You don?t need someone doing the equivalent of squatting on your property but being unwilling to actually contribute and move forward.
Unless they?re Future Faking and Fast Forwarding, you also have to stop creating possibilities out of sheer presence ? possibilities come from consistent action over time and experiences. If you?re on a permanent date with someone because they do things that affect the consistency, balance, progression, intimacy and commitment of the relationship, you?re seeing possibilities where you shouldn?t and being blinded by the good times and potential.
Whether they?re coasting in a relationship on their terms or they keep popping back in your life, both of these things tell you that you need to decide what you need and want and act upon them instead of waiting for them to ?do the right thing? when from their perspective, they?re happy because things are on their terms. They?re just not that special that you should manage your expectations into crumbs for the ?benefit? of having them in your life. Remember that they can?t stay or keep returning if you?re no longer there.
Your thoughts?
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BEIRUT (Reuters) - Syrian insurgents detonated bombs at a building occupied by pro-government militias in Damascus on Tuesday and France called for U.N. protection of rebel-held areas to help end Syria's bloodshed and rights abuses.
Activists say that more than 27,000 people have been killed in the 18-month-old uprising against President Bashar al-Assad but jostling for regional advantage by world powers has thwarted effective U.N. Security Council action to defuse the conflict.
The United States, European allies, Turkey and Gulf Arab states have sided with the Syrian opposition while Iran, Russia and China have backed Assad, whose family and minority Alawite sect have dominated the major Arab state for 42 years.
With no foreseeable prospect of foreign intervention and peace diplomacy stuck, outgunned rebels have relied increasingly on attacks with home-made bombs, striving to level the playing field against a state using fighter jets, artillery and tanks.
"At exactly 9:35 a.m., seven improvised devices were set off in two explosions to target a school used for weekly planning meetings between shabbiha militia and security officers," said Abu Moaz, a leader of Ansar al-Islam, one of the rebel groups in the 18-month-old revolt against President Bashar al-Assad.
Rebels said they hoped their attack would kill top-level security officials - as they did with a major Damascus bombing in July - but gave no casualty figure. State media said at least seven people were wounded, with minor damage to buildings.
At the annual U.N. General Assembly in New York, French President Francois Hollande sought to shake up international inertia over Syria's crisis by demanding credible U.N. protection of areas now in insurgent hands.
"The Syrian regime ... has no future among us," Hollande said in a speech. "Without any delay, I call upon the United Nations to provide immediately to the Syrian people all the support it asks of us and to protect liberated zones."
Protection for "liberated" areas would require no-fly zones enforced by foreign aircraft, which could stop deadly air raids by Assad's forces on populated areas. But there is little chance of securing a Security Council mandate for such action given the continuing opposition of veto-wielding members Russia and China.
"How long can we accept the paralysis at the U.N.?" Hollande said from the U.N. podium. France in August started funneling aid to rebel-held parts of Syria so that they could administer themselves and help staunch an outflow of refugees.
But Western powers have shied from supplying military aid to the rebels to an extent that could turn the tide of the conflict, in part out of fear of arming Islamist militants who have joined the anti-Assad revolt.
In another speech to the General Assembly, Qatari Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani said Arab nations should intervene in Syria given the Security Council's failure to stop the civil war.
Qatar, which backs the rebels, earlier called on big powers to prepare a "Plan B" within weeks and set up a no-fly zone to provide a safe haven inside Syria in case international mediator Lakhdar Brahimi fails to make headway.
The Qatari emir said he believed Arab and European countries would be ready to take part, despite their public wariness of committing the forces needed for such a mission.
Addressing the General Assembly, U.S. President Barack Obama accused Iran of helping keep a dictatorship in power in Syria.
"Just as it restricts the rights of its own people, the Iranian government props up a dictator in Damascus and supports terrorist groups abroad," Obama said in a reference to Assad.
"We again declare that the regime of Bashar al-Assad must come to an end so that the suffering of the Syrian people can stop, and a new dawn can begin."
"BAD AND GETTING WORSE"
Syria's conflict, once a peaceful protest movement, has evolved into a civil war that the U.N. special envoy to Syria, Lakhdar Brahimi, said was "extremely bad and getting worse." He said that the stalemate in the country could soon "find an opening", without elaborating.
Even the capital Damascus has become a battleground between Assad's forces and opposition fighters.
Last week, the army bombarded rebel strongholds there to flush them out of the capital, once seen as Assad's untouchable seat of power but now a scene of daily fighting.
In Tuesday's Damascus bombing, the state news channel Syria TV quoted a government official as saying two improvised explosives planted by "terrorists" blew up near the "Sons of Martyrs" school.
Residents said smoke was billowing from the area in southeastern Damascus and ambulances were rushing to the scene. Some said they believed two people had died in the attack but could not name the victims.
Damascus residents also reported heavy clashes for two hours on Baghdad Street in a central district of the capital, just to the north of the ancient Old City.
ABUSED CHILDREN
The British-based charity Save the Children released a harrowing report about abuse of Syrian refugee children.
Khalid, 15, said he was hung by his arms from the ceiling of his own school building and beaten senseless. Wael said he saw a 6-year-old starved and beaten to death, "tortured more than anyone else in the room.
"He was beaten regularly. I watched him die," Wael was quoted as saying. "He only survived for three days and then he simply died."
U.N. investigators say Syrian government forces have committed human rights violations "on an alarming scale", but have also listed multiple killings and kidnappings by armed rebels trying to oust Assad after 12 years in power.
The children that Save the Children spoke to in refugee camps in neighboring countries said they had witnessed massacres and seen family members killed during the conflict.
Humanitarian conditions are worsening as the violence drags on. The president of the Syrian Arab Red Crescent, which has been the only relief group on the ground the entire 18 months of conflict, said it was in dire need of supplies.
"We need to concentrate mostly on health and shelter because there are 1.5 million displaced people," Abdul Rahman Attar told Reuters during a visit to Oslo. "We need more of everything."
"We need help with shelter, medical equipment in medicine," he said. "There's still killing and that's most critical, we must stop the killings first." (Additional reporting by Balazs Koranyi in Oslo; Editing by Mark Heinrich)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/syrian-rebels-bomb-security-building-damascus-080249963.html
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Doug Weldon, President of the BCI USA Chapter, discusses executive support, the need to have a total understanding of the business and its processes, and Dwight D. Eisenhower?s deep understanding of planning and incident response.
In the leadup to Continuity Insights New York, October 29-30, 2012 at The Hotel Pennsylvania in New York City, Continuity Insights asks presenters about their chosen topics, critical business continuity skills, how prepared we can be, and which famous person would have made a good business continuity professional. This week Doug Weldon, President of the BCI USA Chapter, discusses executive support, the need to have a total understanding of the business and its processes, and Dwight D. Eisenhower?s deep understanding of planning and incident response.
Continuity Insights: What is the biggest challenge you?ve faced during your career as a business continuity professional?
Doug Weldon: The biggest general challenge has always been to gain top-down executive commitment to a new BCM program. If the executives? perspective is that a program should happen from the bottom up, when the exact opposite needs to occur, I find that turning that thinking around has always been my biggest challenge. If the support doesn?t exist it?s a challenge to establish because I?m battling engrained thinking on the part of senior leadership.
But I have also been in situations where I?ve had fabulous top-down support and it?s a constant fuel that feeds the business continuity or risk program. When it?s not there it can really get cold at night, that?s for sure.
CI: You are giving the second presentation in a three-part BCI track at Continuity Insights New York. What is the theme for the track and how does your presentation on Risk Management Governance fit into it?
DW: In this and future BCI conference tracks we are dealing with advanced topics. It?s possible because your charter is to serve the experienced business continuity professional and we at BCI want to stretch the bounds of learning and experience.
In New York I will build on my presentation from the 2012 Continuity Insights Management Conference in Scottsdale because I know that some in the audience saw the value in what I was saying.
CI: Complete this sentence: To be a successful business continuity professional you must master the risk assessment, the BIA and _________________.
DW: Of the various competencies that the BCI promotes, the risk assessment and BIA are center stage as structured approaches for understanding the business. Understanding current business processes in general has to go along with this. Sometimes people take a narrow view of the BIA in terms of driving BC and managing the requirements ? as opposed to what I think you gather from a total understanding of the business, which is:
CI: True or false: There are some things you simply cannot plan for, e.g. the massive earthquake, tsunami and nuclear crisis in Japan last year.
DW: I would disagree that this is an example of something that you cannot plan for. The walls built at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant nuclear plant could have been built for the worst-case scenario of a 30-odd foot tsunami, but it wasn?t for economic reasons. So this particular example is a complete falsehood.
CI: Which U.S. president, professional sportsperson or musician do you think would have made a good business continuity professional and why?
DW: Dwight D. Eisenhower?s famous quote about preparations for D-Day comes to mind:
?In preparing for battle I have always found that plans are useless, but planning is indispensable.?
That is so true for our business in general. He was an advocate for very strong plans, yet he knew that during an incident the response would need to be managed. What he did as a general was so akin to good business continuity practices.
CI: If you formed a band with other business continuity professionals what would you call it?
DW: (Shaking) Earth, (Destructive) Wind, and (Raging) Fire!
For more information on Weldon?s presentation, as well as the full agenda and registration details, visit the Continuity Insights New York website at www.continuitynewyork.com.
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Tags: bci, BCI USA, busienss continuity, Business Continuity New York, Continuity Insights, Continuity Insights New York, Doug Weldon
Source: http://www.rothstein.com/blog/doug-weldon-on-effective-bias-and-eisenhower/
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The growth of Internet and other web technologies requires the development of new algorithms and architectures for parallel and distributed computing. International journal of Distributed and parallel systems is a bi monthly open access journal aims to publish high quality scientific papers arising from original research and development from the international community in the areas of parallel and distributed systems. IJDPS serves as a platform for engineers and researchers to present new ideas and system technology, with an interactive and friendly, but strongly professional atmosphere.
Topics of interest within the scope of this issue include, but are not limited to, the following areas:
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Important Dates | |
Submission deadline | :October 20, 2012 |
Notification | : November 15, 2012 |
Final manuscript due | : November 20, 2012 |
Publication date | : determined by the Editor-in-Chief |
For other details please visit http://airccse.org/journal/ijdps/ijdps.html
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Posted by admin on Sep 24, 2012 in Event Coverage | 0 comments
Part 2 of our Japanese Classic Car Show coverage is now here! If you guys missed part 1 of our coverage, you can find it here: ?JCCS coverage part 1
Honda Mini Trail. So bad ass.
Datsun 510?s for days.
Part 3 of our coverage will be up in a day or two, so don?t forget to check back with us soon! Thanks for stopping by.
Cheers
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Microorganisms that crashed to Earth embedded in the fragments of distant planets might have been the sprouts of life on this one, according to new research from Princeton University, the University of Arizona and the Centro de Astrobiolog?a (CAB) in Spain.
The researchers report in the journal Astrobiology that under certain conditions there is a high probability that life came to Earth ? or spread from Earth to other planets ? during the solar system's infancy when Earth and its planetary neighbors orbiting other stars would have been close enough to each other to exchange lots of solid material. The work will be presented at the 2012 European Planetary Science Congress on Sept. 25.
The findings provide the strongest support yet for "lithopanspermia," the idea that basic life forms are distributed throughout the universe via meteorite-like planetary fragments cast forth by disruptions such as volcanic eruptions and collisions with other matter. Eventually, another planetary system's gravity traps these roaming rocks, which can result in a mingling that transfers any living cargo.
[Images and video can be seen at http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S34/82/42M30. To obtain high-res images, contact Princeton science writer Morgan Kelly, (609) 258-5729, mgnkelly@princeton.edu]
Previous research on this possible phenomenon suggests that the speed with which solid matter hurtles through the cosmos makes the chances of being snagged by another object highly unlikely. But the Princeton, Arizona and CAB researchers reconsidered lithopanspermia under a low-velocity process called weak transfer wherein solid materials meander out of the orbit of one large object and happen into the orbit of another. In this case, the researchers factored in velocities 50 times slower than previous estimates, or about 100 meters per second.
Using the star cluster in which our sun was born as a model, the team conducted simulations showing that at these lower speeds the transfer of solid material from one star's planetary system to another could have been far more likely than previously thought, explained first author Edward Belbruno, a mathematician and visiting research collaborator in Princeton's Department of Astrophysical Sciences who developed the principles of weak transfer.
The researchers suggest that of all the boulders cast off from our solar system and its closest neighbor, five to 12 out of 10,000 could have been captured by the other. Earlier simulations had suggested chances as slim as one in a million.
"Our work says the opposite of most previous work," Belbruno said. "It says that lithopanspermia might have been very likely, and it may be the first paper to demonstrate that. If this mechanism is true, it has implications for life in the universe as a whole. This could have happened anywhere."
Co-authors Amaya Moro-Mart?n, an astronomer at CAB and a Princeton visiting research collaborator in astrophysical sciences, and Renu Malhotra, a professor of planetary sciences at Arizona, noted that low velocities offer very high probabilities for the exchange of solid material via weak transfer, and also found that the timing of such an exchange could be compatible with the actual development of the solar system, as well as with the earliest known emergence of life on Earth. Dmitry Savransky, a Princeton mechanical and aerospace engineering doctoral student, conducted the simulations.
The researchers report that the solar system and its nearest planetary-system neighbor could have swapped rocks at least 100 trillion times well before the sun struck out from its native star cluster. Furthermore, existing rock evidence shows that basic life forms could indeed date from the sun's birth cluster days ? and have been hardy enough to survive an interstellar journey and eventual impact.
"The conclusion from our work," Moro-Mart?n said, "is that the weak transfer mechanism makes lithopanspermia a viable hypothesis because it would have allowed large quantities of solid material to be exchanged between planetary systems, and involves timescales that could potentially allow the survival of microorganisms embedded in large boulders."
All about velocities
The Princeton-Arizona-CAB paper cites two previous studies that present the odds of solid matter from one planetary system being captured by another as being more or less dismal.
The first, a 2003 paper published in Astrobiology by Jay Melosh, a Purdue University earth and atmospheric sciences professor, questioned the probability that meteorites have ever escaped a terrestrial planet in Earth's solar system and wound up on a terrestrial planet in another system. The report concluded that the chances ? about one in 10,000, or 0.01 percent ? are "overwhelmingly unlikely" considering the speed a meteorite would need to travel (about six kilometers per second) and the roominess of space.
Belbruno and his co-authors calculated that under this scenario of high velocities and dispersed planetary systems, the probability of solid material from any planetary system striking another falls to as little as five in 100,000, or 0.005 percent.
Star birth clusters, which are tightly confined groups of stars and planetary systems, were introduced as a possible setting for lithopanspermia in a 2005 Astrobiology paper by David Spergel, Princeton's Charles A. Young Professor of Astronomy on the Class of 1897 Foundation and chair of astrophysical sciences, and University of Michigan physics professor Fred Adams.
Factoring in velocities of two to five kilometers per second, Spergel and Adams found that the chances of an exchange of life-bearing rocks between star systems clustered in groups of 30 to 1,000 could be as unlikely as one in a million to as good as one in 1,000, or 0.0001 to 0.1 percent, respectively. Spergel and Adams, however, limited their study to binary stars ? or planetary systems with two stars ? which might elevate star-to-star solid matter exchanges, Moro-Mart?n said.
Nonetheless, in clusters similar to those considered by Spergel and Adams, weak transfer involves relative velocities of no more than one kilometer per second, which substantially increases the probability of capture by other stars in the cluster. In other words, star clusters provide an ideal setting for weak transfer, Belbruno said.
Chaotic in nature, weak transfer happens when a slow moving object such as a meteorite wanders into the outer edge of the gravitational pull of a larger object with a low relative velocity, such as a star or massive Jupiter-like planet. The smaller object partially orbits the large object, but the larger object has only a loose grip on it. This means the smaller object can escape and be propelled into space, drifting until it is pulled in by another large object.
Belbruno first demonstrated weak transfer with the Japanese lunar probe Hiten in 1991. A mechanical malfunction left the probe with insufficient fuel to enter the moon's orbit the traditional way, which is to approach at a high speed then fire retrorockets to slow down. Instead, Belbruno designed a weak-transfer trajectory that got the probe into orbit around the moon using a minimal amount of fuel.
Adams, co-author of the 2005 paper with Spergel, said that the work by Belbruno and his co-authors succeeds at pulling together the various factors of earlier lithopanspermia models and adding a substantial new element ? chaos. Adams is familiar with the study but had no role in it.
"This paper takes the type of calculations that have been done before and makes an important generalization of previous work," Adams said. "Their work on chaos in this context also carries the subject forward. They make a careful assessment of a process that is dynamically quite complicated and chaotic in nature.
"They are breaking new ground from the viewpoint of dynamical astrophysics," Adams said. "Regarding the problem of lithopanspermia, this type of weak capture and weak escape is interesting because it allows for the ejection speeds to be small, and these slow speeds allow for higher probabilities of rock capture. To say it another way, chaos, in part, enhances the prospects for lithopanspermia."
To the simulator!
Star birth clusters satisfy two requirements for weak transfer, Moro-Mart?n said. First, the sending and receiving planetary systems must contain a massive planet that captures the passing solid matter in the weak-gravity boundary between itself and its parent star. Earth's solar system qualifies, and several other stars in the sun's birth cluster would too.
Second, both planetary systems must have low relative velocities. In the sun's stellar cluster, between 1,000 and 10,000 stars were gravitationally bound to one another for hundreds of millions of years, each with a velocity of no more than a sluggish one kilometer per second, Moro-Mart?n said.
The team simulated 5 million trajectories between single-star planetary systems ? in a cluster with 4,300 stars ? under three conditions: the solid matter's "source" and "target" stars were both the same mass as the sun; the target star was only half the sun's mass; or the source star was half the sun's mass.
The researchers explored the likelihood that our solar system exchanged solid matter with its closest planetary-system neighbor during the first hundreds of millions of years it existed. At that time, our sun belonged to a tight-knit star cluster filled with other planetary systems. The above simulation shows that two planetary systems (green and blue dots) -- about 3.26 light years apart -- orbit a common center of mass. Over a period of roughly 8.7 million years, various objects (black dots) are pulled in and repelled by the systems' gravity. Displaying weak transfer, one object (red dot) first wanders into the green system's gravity boundary and partially orbits it before being cast off. The red object then drifts before being pulled in by the blue planetary system. Credit: Video by Dmitry Savransky
To estimate the actual amount of solid matter that could have been exchanged between the sun and its nearest star neighbor, the researchers used data and models pertaining to the movement and formation of asteroids, the Kuiper Belt ? the solar system's massive outer ring of asteroids ? and the Oort Cloud, a hypothesized collection of comets, ice and other matter about one light year from Earth's sun widely believed to be a primary source of comets and meteorites.
The researchers used this data to conclude that during a period of 10 million to 90 million years, anywhere between 100 trillion to 30 quadrillion solid matter objects weighing more than 10 kilograms transferred between the sun and its nearest cluster neighbor. Of these, some 200 billion rocks from early Earth could have been whisked away via weak transfer.
For lithopanspermia to happen, however, microorganisms first have to survive the long, radiation-soaked journey through space.
Moro-Mart?n and Malhotra consulted a 2009 paper an international team published in the Astrophysical Journal that determined how long microorganisms could survive in space based on the size of the solid matter hosting them. That group's computer simulations showed that survival times ranged from 12 million years for a boulder up to 3 centimeters (roughly one inch) in diameter, to 500 million years for a solid objects 2.67 meters (nearly nine feet) across.
The researchers estimated that under weak transfer, solid matter that had escaped one planet would need tens of millions of years to finally collide with another one. This falls within the lifespan of the sun's birth cluster, but means that lithopanspermia by weak transfer would have been limited to planetary fragments at least one meter, or about three feet, in size.
Matching the theory with life
As for the actual transfer of life, the researchers suggest that roughly 300 million lithopanspermia events could have occurred between our solar system and the closest planetary system.
But even if microorganisms survived the trip to Earth, the planet had to be ready to receive them. The researchers reference rock-dating evidence suggesting that the Earth contained water when the solar system was only 288 million years old and that very early life might have emerged before the solar system was 718 million years old.
The sun's birth cluster ? assumed to be roughly the same age as the Earth's solar system ? slowly broke apart when the solar system was approximately 135 million to 535 million years old, Moro-Mart?n said. In addition, the sun could have been ripe for weak transfer up to 700 million years after the solar system formed.
So, if life arose on Earth shortly after surface water was available, there were possibly about 400 million years when life could have journeyed from the Earth to another habitable world, and vice versa, the researchers report. If life had an early start in other planetary systems and developed before the sun's birth cluster dispersed, life on Earth may have originated beyond our solar system.
The paper stops short of calculating the likelihood of extrasolar life taking root on a terrestrial planet such as Earth, but the higher probability the researchers determined for solid-matter transfer makes that a more worthwhile pursuit, Moro-Mart?n said.
"Our study stops when the solid matter is trapped by the second planetary system, but for lithopanspermia to be completed it actually needs to land on a terrestrial planet where life could flourish," Moro-Mart?n said. "The study of the probability of landing on a terrestrial planet is work that we now know is worth doing because large quantities of solid material originating from the first planetary system may be trapped by the second planetary system, waiting to land on a terrestrial planet.
"Our study does not prove lithopanspermia actually took place," Moro-Mart?n said, "but it indicates that it is an open possibility."
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The paper, "Chaotic Exchange of Solid Material between Planetary Systems: Implications for Lithopanspermia," was published Sept. 12 by Astrobiology
Princeton University: http://www.princeton.edu
Thanks to Princeton University for this article.
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